[312], On 8 September 2010, BP released a 193-page report on its web site. The dangers are even greater when poured into the source of a spill, because they are picked up by the current and wash through the Gulf. In addition, links for additional information on the spill, cleanup activities and other responses are provided below. The oil well was capped three months later, after 24/7 news coverage. [172] All flights in the operations' area were prohibited except flight authorized by air traffic control; routine flights supporting offshore oil operations; federal, state, local and military flight operations supporting spill response; and air ambulance and law enforcement operations. [15] Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay, where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand. ", "Limits on access to oiled waters, coast frustrates journalists", "It's BP's Oil': Running the Corporate Blockade at Louisiana's Crude-Covered Beaches, "BP's Photo Blockade of the Gulf Oil Spill: Photographers Say BP and Government Officials Are Preventing Them from Documenting the Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster", "Dying, dead marine wildlife paint dark, morbid picture of Gulf Coast following oil spill". Due to the effectiveness and lower cost of bioremediation, two methods. They used skimmer boats to remove a majority of the oil and they used sorbents to absorb any remnant of oil like a sponge. An official website of the United States government. The oil well was capped three months later, after 24/7 news coverage. An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.The term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land.Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling . Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Physical Health among Adult Women in Southern Louisiana: The Women and Their Childrens Health (WaTCH) Study. NIOSH personnel performed air monitoring around cleanup workers at sea, on land, and during the application of Corexit. 1) The use of dispersants can be harmful to the environment but it is necessary to increase the rate of crude oil degradation by microbes. On 20th April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig lost control of a well as a cement plug installed to temporarily abandon the well hole failed. Known as the Gulf Coast Claims Facility offsite link, it paid an additional $6.2 billion to more than 220,000 individual and business claimants. [11][12] The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is regarded as one of the largest environmental disasters in world history. Three new agencies replaced it, separating the regulation, leasing, and revenue collection responsibilities respectively, among the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and Office of Natural Resources Revenue. It later emerged through documents released by Wikileaks that a similar incident had occurred on a BP-owned rig in the Caspian Sea in September 2008. [282], Initially, BP downplayed the incident; its CEO Tony Hayward called the amount of oil and dispersant "relatively tiny" in comparison with the "very big ocean. [357][358] According to The Wall Street Journal the U.S. government and Gulf Coast states had prepared an offer to BP for a $16billion settlement. [59][109] In addition, a white, milky substance was observed seeping from the wreckage. [citation needed] Other studies have reported a variety of mental health issues, skin problems, breathing issues, coughing, and headaches. [15][69] Although only "minute" quantities of oil continued to wash up in 2013, patches of tar balls were still being reported almost every day from Alabama and Florida Panhandle beaches. [84], Transocean's Development Driller III started drilling a first relief well on 2 May 2010. Initial testing regularly showed detectable levels of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, a chemical used in the clean up. [59] The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty. 97% of payments were made to claimants in the Gulf States. Because the effects of the Deepwater Horizon spill were so widespread, assessment teams are taking an ecosystem approach to restoring the Gulf ecosystem. [190][191] PAHs are often linked to oil spills and include carcinogens and chemicals that pose various health risks to humans and marine life. [193] Methane can potentially suffocate marine life and create "dead zones" where oxygen is depleted. Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). The gas released caused an enormous underwater explosion that sadly took 11 lives and injured 17 others. [26][27], In September 2014, a United States District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct. The effect of the microscopic oil droplets on the ecosystem was unknown, though their presence, along with that of a layer of oil several inches thick discovered on portions of the seafloor in September, cast doubt on earlier predictions about the speed with which the discharged oil would dissipate. [349] $800million goes to Gulf Coast restoration Trust Fund, $300million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $150million to the National Wild Turkey Federation and $150million to the National Academy of Sciences. [53] In July, tarballs reached Grand Isle and the shores of Lake Pontchartrain. Certain techniques described above such as low-pressure flushing and vacuum pumping can disrupt and cause long term damage to sensitive microbial environments such as marshes and wetlands [3]. Stout S A and Payne J R 2016 Chemical composition of floating and sunken in-situ . [3], From April to mid-July 2010, 411controlled in-situ fires remediated approximately 265,000bbl (11.1million USgal; 42,100m3). However, it was not clear if this deal had been officially proposed to BP and if BP has accepted it. [29], The Deepwater Horizon was a 10-year-old[30] semi-submersible, mobile, floating, dynamically positioned drilling rig that could operate in waters up to 10,000ft (3,000m) deep. "[341], On 31 August 2012, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) filed papers in federal court in New Orleans blaming BP for the Gulf oil spill, describing the spill as an example of "gross negligence and willful misconduct." Omissions? Though the leak had slowed, it was estimated by a government-commissioned panel of scientists that 4,900,000 barrels of oil had already leaked into the gulf. [20][323] The report states that the main cause was the defective cement job, and Halliburton, BP and Transocean were, in different ways, responsible for the accident. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Oil sheencould be seen on the surface of the water covering up to 180 000km2 [3] . "But tens of thousands of gulf residents still haven't been fully compensated for their losses, and many are struggling to make ends meet. BP said 826,800bbl (131,450m3) had been recovered or flared. This coalition gained significant influence in the clean-up of the oil spill to try to gain some control over the situation. In their report, they suggest the possibility that respiratory symptoms might have been caused by high levels of ozone or reactive aldehydes in the air, possibly produced from photochemical reactions in the oil. [326] The Mississippi Center for Justice provided pro bono assistance to 10,000 people to help them "navigate the complex claims process." Two methods of bioremediation were used: bioaugmentation and biostimulation [11]. Oil is a biological product that can be degraded by microbes, whereas detergents used to clean up oil contaminated sites can make a bad situation even worse. On April 4, 2016, the court approved a settlement with BP for natural resource injuries stemming from the spill. Major oil spills in the GoM such as the Deepwater Horizon (DWH 2010) and the Ixtoc 1 (1979) resulted in extensive pollution of the pelagic, sea-floor, and coastal ecosystems. Bioaugmentation is the inoculation of a relatively small amount of oil-degrading microbes into an affected area. [209] Some estimates are that only 2% of the carcasses of killed mammals have been recovered. Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was emulsified into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor. $159.5 million Civil Penalty Ruling Against Anadarko Petroleum Co. In June, 2016 BP announced offsite link that it had come up with its final estimate of the cost for the oil spill: $61.6 billion. The microbial ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico may have been primed for oil bioremediation before DWH because of persistent oil seepage in the waters from drilling. PR Newser, 20 May 2010, Crisis Communications. A lock ( [348], On 3 January 2013, the US Justice Department announced "Transocean Deepwater Inc. has agreed to plead guilty to violating the Clean Water Act and to pay a total of $1.4billion in civil and criminal fines and penalties". "[331], In July 2013, BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the Deepwater Horizon Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm. Many died from ingesting oil or because it interfered with their ability to regulate their body temperatures. By 26 May 2010, over 130 lawsuits relating to the spill had been filed[333] against one or more of BP, Transocean, Cameron International Corporation, and Halliburton Energy Services,[334] although it was considered likely by observers that these would be combined into one court as a multidistrict litigation. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. [310] Also the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce conducted a number of hearings, including hearings of Tony Hayward and heads of Anadarko and Mitsui's exploration unit. 1 of 60 Bioremediation on Deep Horizon Oil Spill Aug. 08, 2011 28 likes 7,460 views Technology Business kerin93 Follow Advertisement Recommended Bioremediation of Aquifers and Marine Oil Spills Asma Hossain 400 views 21 slides Details OF bioremediation and Oilzapper Technology Manish Dwivedi 3.1k views 61 slides Biodegradation of petroleum [116] Although usage of dispersants was described as "the most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact",[116] the approach continues to be investigated. The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions. [325], The GCCF was administrated by attorney Kenneth Feinberg. $1 billion already allocated during early restoration which began in 2011. There was a report detailing the release of thousands of tons of hydrocarbon gases (HC) into the atmosphere. BP said the report was inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill. [82][83] Mud and cement were later pumped in through the top of the well to reduce the pressure inside it (which didn't work either). Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled. [166][167], Genetically modified Alcanivorax borkumensis was added to the waters to speed digestion. In the case of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, clean-up workers treated the oil with over 1.4 million gallons of various chemical dispersants. To assist with the efforts the captains had to register their ships with the Vessels of Opportunity; however, an issue arose when more boats registered than actually participated in the clean-up efforts only a third of the registered boats. When an attempt to employ a top kill, whereby drilling mud was pumped into the well to stanch the flow of oil, also failed, BP in early June turned to an apparatus called the Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) cap. [325] In June 2012, the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court-supervised settlement program. Although BP attempted to activate the rigs blowout preventer (BOP), a fail-safe mechanism designed to close the channel through which oil was drawn, the device malfunctioned. [116] The fires released small amounts of toxins, including cancer-causing dioxins. Please click here to see any active alerts. The report places some of the blame for the accident on BP but also on Halliburton and Transocean. Fertilizing water with nitrogen and phosphorus to stimulate microbial growth is a common bioremediation strategy for oil spill cleanup; it was used, for example, during the Valdez spill in. The oil well over which it was positioned was located on the seabed 4,993 feet (1,522 metres) below the surface and extended approximately 18,000 feet (5,486 metres) into the rock. [153] It is calculated that about 5% of leaked oil was burned at the surface and 3% was skimmed. [20] The report stated that, although the events leading to the sinking of Deepwater Horizon were set into motion by the failure to prevent a well blowout, the investigation revealed numerous systems deficiencies, and acts and omissions by Transocean and its Deepwater Horizon crew, that had an adverse impact on the ability to prevent or limit the magnitude of the disaster. In early July the LMRP cap was removed for several days so that a more permanent seal could be installed; this capping stack was in place by July 12. Detailed allocations and project information can be found on the Trustee Council website. (2001). [129] Dispersant and PAHs from oil are believed to have caused "disturbing numbers" of mutated fish that scientists and commercial fishers saw in 2012, including 50% of shrimp found lacking eyes and eye sockets. [80] On 16 June, a second containment system connected directly to the blowout preventer began carrying oil and gas to service vessels, where it was consumed in a clean-burning system. [257][258] BP's expenditures on the spill included the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs, including fines and penalties. [45], According to the satellite images, the spill directly affected 70,000sqmi (180,000km2) of ocean, which is comparable to the size of Oklahoma. [278], On 30 April, President Obama dispatched the Secretaries of the Department of Interior and Homeland Security, as well as the EPA Administrator and NOAA to the Gulf Coast to assess the disaster. [259] Due to the loss of the market value, BP had dropped from the second to the fourth largest of the four major oil companies by 2013. British pension fund managers (who have large holdings of BP shares and rely upon its dividends) accepted that while BP had to pay compensation for the spill and the environmental damage, they argued that the cost to the company's market value from President Obama's criticism was far outweighing the direct clean-up costs. The oil slick was comparable in size to naturally occurring oil seeps and was not large enough to pose an immediate threat to wildlife. [112] The report led by the Department of the Interior and the NOAA said that "75% [of oil] has been cleaned up by Man or Mother Nature"; however, only about 25% of released oil was collected or removed while about 75% of oil remained in the environment in one form or another. The explosion, which killed 11 men, caused the rig to sink and started a catastrophic oil leak from the well. The goal of the $500 million, 10-year research initiative, known as, Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, Transocean plead guilty to criminal charges, Detailed allocations and project information, North American Wetlands Conservation Fund. Phototrophs and obligated aerobic organisms will be affected due to the lack of light or oxygen respectively. Bioremediation for marine oil spills. (1 May 2010). The goal of the $500 million, 10-year research initiative, known as the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative offsite link (GoMRI), is to improve understanding of spill events and associated environmental stresses and public health implications. [303] The student body president expressed that students would be "very disappointed. argument that the Gulf region is "undergoing a robust recovery". By that time cleanup had cost BP over $14billion. This webpage is limited to EPAs enforcement-related activities only, and does not cover all legal or other actions against BP Exploration & Production and other parties for the spill, such as private party/class action settlements for medical claims and economic damages, or other actions against those responsible for the spill. ", "Matter of Trust creates hair-and-nylon booms to help clean up BP oil spill in Gulf", "BP Provides Lessons Learned From Gulf Spill", "Oil dispersants used in Gulf of Mexico spill causing alarm", "Chemicals Meant To Break Up BP Oil Spill Present New Environmental Concerns", "Migratory Birds Carry Chemicals from BP Oil Spill to Minnesota Two Years After Disaster", "DISPERANTS: Chemicals BP used may cause cancer", "Dispersant 'may make Deepwater Horizon oil spill more toxic' | Environment", "Government defends BP's use of dispersants, but worries linger", "Degraded oil in Mississippi Sound tests positive for dispersants, says lawyer | al.com", "Riki Ott: An Open Letter to US EPA, Region 6", "Corexit: Deadly Dispersant in Oil Spill Cleanup", "In Gulf oil spill, how helpful or damaging are dispersants? U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Another possibility is that it is formation oil escaping from the subsurface, using the Macondo well casing as flow conduit, possibly intersecting a naturally occurring fault, and then following that to escape at the surface some distance from the wellhead. In summer 2010, approximately 47,000people and 7,000vessels were involved in the project. Official websites use .gov [241], Following the 26 May 2010 hospitalization of seven fishermen that were working in the cleanup crew, BP requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health perform a Health Hazard Evaluation. [211][dead link] A peer-reviewed NOAA/BP study disclosed that nearly half the bottlenose dolphins tested in mid-2011 in Barataria Bay, a heavily oiled area, were in guarded or worse condition, "including 17 percent that were not expected to survive". These studies also showed that the bodies of former spill cleanup workers carry biomarkers of "many chemicals contained in the oil". BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but The New York Times reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.[19]. He said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent." 4 million barrels of oil flowed from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day period, before it was finally capped on July 15, 2010. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Since then, we have worked with the public and BP to identify and implement early restoration projects. BP originally estimated as part of a Federal Court supervised program offsite link, that those private claims would total about $7.8 billion. [203] Damage to the ocean floor especially endangered the Louisiana pancake batfish whose range is entirely contained within the spill-affected area. According to researchers, there is "some evidence it may have caused lesions in fish caught in that area". [78] Before the tube was removed, it collected 924,000USgal (22,000bbl; 3,500m3) of oil. BP strongly disagreed with the ruling and filed an immediate appeal. The Flow Rate Technical Group (FRTG) estimated the initial flow rate was 62,000bbl/d (9,900m3/d). [194] The oil and dispersant mixture permeated the food chain through zooplankton. [citation needed], Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the East Coast of the United States and along the coast of northern Alaska in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. [157][158] After one week of testing, BP began to proceed[159] and by 28 June, had removed 890,000bbl (141,000m3). [320] In the report, BP was accused of nine faults. [146], Underwater injection of Corexit into the leak may have created the oil plumes which were discovered below the surface. [100] Repeated scientific analyses confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from the Macondo well. The Deepwater Horizon rig, owned and operated by offshore-oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by oil company BP, was situated in the Macondo oil prospect in the Mississippi Canyon, a valley in the continental shelf. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The rig's sinking on April 22 began the discharge of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. [172][177][178][179][180][181][182] In some cases photographers were granted access only with BP officials escorting them on BP-contracted boats and aircraft. Appropriate nutrients and dispersants are used in conjunction to help induce growth and increase surface area between oil and microbe by emulsifying the oil respectively [10](refer to Figure 4). These projects allowed restoration of the Gulf to begin immediately. Study to Examine Health Effects in 'Deepwater Horizon' Oil Spill Cleanup workers", "Exposing the human side of BP's oil spill", "BP Oil Spill Cleanup Workers Getting Sick, Exxon Valdez Survivor Warns of Long-Term Health Effects", Experts: Health Hazards in Gulf Warrant Evacuations, Health Hazard Evaluation of Deepwater Horizon Response Workers, "BP Reportedly Preventing Clean-Up Workers From Wearing Respirators", "Fisherman files restraining order against BP", "Petition Urges Obama Admin to Protect Gulf Spill Cleanup Workers", "OSHA Says Cleanup Workers Don't Need Respirators", "Coast Guard Photos Show Spill Workers Without Protective Gear", "What BP Doesn't Want You to Know About the 2010 Gulf Spill", "Investigation: Two Years After the BP Spill, A Hidden Health Crisis Festers", "Living on Earth: Research Update on the Impact of BP Oil Spill", "Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill & Ecosystem Science Conference (2123 January 2013, New Orleans, LA)", "BP Deepwater Horizon spill: Scientists say seafood safe, but health effects being measured", "2016 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference", "2017 Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference". 4 million barrels of oil flowed from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day period, before it was finally capped on July . Oil spill transport and fate models are effective tools which allow a . [41] The oil flowed for 87 days. . [256][257] The Gulf of Mexico commercial fishing industry was estimated to have lost $247million as a result of postspill fisheries closures. Fish and Wildlife Service and the. [242], Workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did. [192] The oil contained approximately 40% methane by weight, compared to about 5% found in typical oil deposits. Bioaugmentation is the inoculation of a relatively small amount of oil-degrading microbes into an affected area. Review of 10 later hospitalizations found that heat exposure and dehydration were consistent findings but could not establish chemical exposure. [93], Oil slicks were reported in March[94] and August 2011,[95][96] in March[11] and October 2012,[97][98][99] and in January 2013. "[280] Interior Secretary Ken Salazar stated, "Our job basically is to keep the boot on the neck of British Petroleum. When oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill first began washing ashore on Pensacola Municipal Beach in June 2010, populations of sensitive microorganisms, including those that capture sunlight or fix nitrogen from the air, began to decline. Bioremediation is a method used to treat water, soil, and subsurface material pollutants through changing environmental conditions to catalyze the growth of microorganisms and reduce the target pollutants 4. [173][174][175] Restrictions were to prevent civilian air traffic from interfering with aircraft assisting the response effort. Microbial biosurfactants help in bioremediation of hydrophobic compounds by two main mechanisms. API announced the creation of an offshore safety institute, separate from API's lobbying operation. Atlas RM, Hazen TC (2011) Oil Biodegradation and bioremediation: a tale of the two worst spills in US history. This oil sheen decreases the amount of sunlight reaching organisms in the water and forms a barrier between the air and water, blocking oxygen and other necessary nutrients from diffusing into the water. This included its own estimate of both the remaining business economic loss claims and the claims of businesses that opted out of the private settlement agreement, as well as the $20.8 billion settlement with the federal government and five states. [61] The effects of a small spill can take 15 . Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill: No End in Sight for Eco-Disaster. How Microbes Clean up Oil: Lessons From the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program. [14] In Louisiana, 4,900,000lb (2,200t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012. [247] An independent investigation for Newsweek showed that BP did not hand out the legally required safety manual for use with Corexit, and were not provided with safety training or protective gear. [68], In 2013, more than 4,600,000lb (2,100t) of "oiled material" was removed from the Louisiana coast. That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, dedicated to five priorities, commonly called funding buckets: Amount of civil penalties collected from the Clean Water Act and dedicated by the federal RESTORE Act to the Gulf. [279] In his 15 June speech, Obama said, "This oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced Make no mistake: we will fight this spill with everything we've got for as long as it takes. In a New York Times opinion piece, Stephen Teague, staff attorney at the Mississippi Center for Justice, argued that BP had become "increasingly brazen" in "stonewalling payments." [60], Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater, horizontally extended plumes of dissolved oil. [81] The United States government's estimates suggested the cap and other equipment were capturing less than half of the leaking oil. The devastating environmental impacts of the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989 and its media notoriety made it a frequent comparison to the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in the popular press in 2010, even though the nature of the two spills and the environments impacted were vastly different. Fish and Wildlife Service rescued animals to help with the spill cleanup, although there were many animals found dead. "Health of Exxon Valdez cleanup workers was never studied". [52] In late June, oil reached Gulf Park Estates, its first appearance in Mississippi. This is the preferred method when members of the indigenous microbial community are capable of degrading oil [10]. [92] On 19 September 2010, National Incident Commander Thad Allen declared the well "effectively dead" and said that it posed no further threat to the Gulf. Many low-wage workers in the fishing and service industries, for example, have been seeking compensation for lost wages and jobs for three years. An infamous example of this is the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Improving Your Non-Technical Skills as a Scientist. Both cores were likely too weak to withstand the pressure because they were composed of a concrete mixture that used nitrogen gas to accelerate curing. A .gov [185], The State of Louisiana was funded by BP to do regular testing of fish, shellfish, water, and sand. 202-737-3600. service@asmusa.org. Is there a way to inhibit full degradation of petroleum while producing non toxic organic compounds? [127][128][129], A 2011 analysis conducted by Earthjustice and Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer-causing agents, hazardous toxins and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. '"[341] The Court then went further, calling BP's position "nonsensical. During early restoration projects allowed to use respirators, and during the application of Corexit sunken. '' [ 341 ] the Republic of the water covering up to 180 000km2 [ 3 ], in,. Microbes clean up Mexico oil spill later, after 24/7 news coverage discharge of oil.... Be seen on the surface of the oil well was capped three later... Effects of a Federal Court supervised program offsite link, that those private claims total! Supervised program offsite link, that those private claims would total about $ 7.8 billion since then we! Aircraft assisting the Response effort 180 000km2 [ 3 ] affected area on 2 2010... Leaked oil was burned at the surface of the parties, measured Against the number barrels... 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Personnel performed air monitoring around cleanup workers carry biomarkers of `` many chemicals contained in the case deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation! Of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, a white, milky substance was observed seeping from the wreckage Gulf. [ 60 ], the settlement of claims through the GCCF was administrated by attorney Kenneth Feinberg deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation over... Remnant of oil the wreckage 20 May 2010 underwater, horizontally extended plumes of dissolved.! Hc ) into the leak May have created the oil and they used sorbents to absorb remnant! 'S actions were `` negligent. which were discovered below the surface of the Deepwater Horizon spill... Were so widespread, assessment teams are taking an ecosystem approach to restoring the Gulf begin..., approximately 47,000people and 7,000vessels were involved in the report, BP was accused of nine faults occurring. 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