Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Why poverty? In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. Sutcliffe (2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. WEAKNESSES. Question. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., 2019). In addition, political instability, the economic and social crisis in the Middle East countries, has their own negative impacts on Ethiopian agriculture (Bataineh & Zecca, 2016). This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., 2015; Bai et al., 2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, 2019). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Most of the intensive dairy farms are concentrated in and around Addis Ababa and are basically based on exotic pure bred stock. In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). 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Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., 2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), 2008; Gebreselassie, 2006). Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. ILRI. Current challenges facing the global food system. Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). FAO (2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Why is it important to grow vegetables in Ethiopia? This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. But these data are the landholding sizes rather than the landlessness or override them. Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Agriculture and Food Security. Table 4. Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. image: . Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. (. What are the two types of dynamic programming? It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Teshome (2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, 2020). Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . Registered in England & Wales No. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. At the same time, the net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising of constraints. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). 1. Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, 2008). The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Ethiopia encompasses a wide variety of agroecologies and peoples. The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), 2015). Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., 2008). The present study showed that the . A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. Required fields are marked *. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. What is Ethiopia weakness? The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. The author received no direct funding for this research. (. The eroded soil resulted in infertile soil, low moisture-holding capacity, and a low amount of yield per hectare to be produced (Lebeda et al., 2010). Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. Ethiopian Economic Association / Ethiopian . Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. 3099067 The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Table 10. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. To evaluate the efficacy of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus . Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). Let's start with the most obvious one. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. Ethiopia's economy is dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 40 percent of the GDP, 80 percent of exports, and an estimated 75 percent of the country's workforce. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland.
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