Future projection estimates indicate that France will be able to produce 26,000 MW by 2023. What Are The Major Natural Resources Of France? Many of the remaining residents have turned to agriculture. Since the law on local democracy of 2002, the six former RNN 24, 51, 85, 120, 147 and 151, located in Corsica, are now known as "Corsican Nature Reserves", in French Rserves naturelles de Corse, (RNC). It was indicated in future predictions that the country will be able to produce 26,000 MW by 2023. Imports originate mainly from Australia, the United States, South Africa, and Germany. France - Resources and power | Britannica Resources and power Compared with its agricultural resources, the country is far less well-endowed with energy resources. Much of the countrys economy is fueled by trade and agriculture due to the presence of vast tracts of arable land which supports all forms of agricultural activities that range from timber production to food crops. List Of France Natural Resources, Location Found And Their Uses. Petroleum. Imported coal had long supplemented indigenous production. Naturalgaswasfirstdiscoveredin the south-westernregionof FrancecalledLacq in 1957 where itwasestimatedthatroughly8.8 trillionboxybasesofnaturalgasweretrappedundergroundreadyforbirth. The process of moving from one open window to another is called what? In this chapter, you will learn about the country's diverse land features, climates, soils, wild vegetation, and mineral resources. Although diverse, the Natural Resources of France are relatively limited in quantity. uses
electrons. Daniel Noin; Reviewed by Anne Depigny and Agnes Jolivet. For more information, please contact our
sales staff! There were more than 59 active nuclear plants as of 2010 with all of them contributing around 94.6% of all the primary electricity used in homes and factories around the country. 2009-614, Article 28 (June 3, 2009), Decree of creation of PN des forts, Article 30, Decree No. France is one of the most powerful states in the world. The ore's quality was poor, and it could not contend with coal from other countries. ; 2 What crops were grown in New France? LANDFORMS What is the terrain and geography like in France? The list of National Nature Reserves of France presents the list of National Nature Reserves, in French Rserves Naturelles Nationales, (RNN) located on French territory.[1][2]. Whom life had made ugly in the story of dodong and teang? The country also has substantial amounts of renewable energy and is known for its extensive timber and fishing industries. Stones supply, as well as sand and gravel, are relatively everywhere. Greater amounts of potash (mined in Alsace), sodium chloride (from mines in Lorraine and Franche-Comt and from salt marshes in western and southern France), and sulfur (derived from natural gas in Aquitaine) are produced, but again the trend is toward declining output as reserves are depleted. In addition, Frances installed solar capacity increased by almost 700 percent between 2009 and 2011, and its 2.5 gigawatts of production represented almost 4 percent of the worlds total. Being the countrys principal energy import, there has been the growth of a major refining industry with plants concentrated in two locations; the lower Seine valley (Rouen and Le Havre), and in the region surrounding Fos-sur-Mer and the tang de Berre. Wind power generates nearly 3 percent of the electricity used by France, and may well increase as the country has the second largest wind resource in Europe. They correspond to the Rhine, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, the Pyrenees and the Alps, according to the revolutionaries. In general, products appear only if they make a significant contribution to the economy, or are likely to do so in the future. In 2010, the percentage generated by wind power in electricity consumption was three. Some of the natural resources found in France include the following: Coal Coal was an essential resource that played a significant role in the industrial revolution wave that swept across European countries including France. The strategic location of the country has allowed it to receive long hours of sunshine directly making solar energy a possible option. Forests of pine and fir mean that wood lumber, paper and pulp resources are available, although demand does exceed its availability. The country produced a total of 10.38 MW of electricity. SidmartinBio, what are the natural resources of france Lisbdnet.com, France: Mining, Minerals and Fuel Resources, France Natural resources Geography IndexMundi, France: Natural Environments and Landscapes, What natural resource did the French find in Canada , France Naturals 100% Natural Ingredients, List of Natural Resources Earth and Human. What resources are limited in France? The quality of the ore was low and could not compete with coal from other nations. France electricity, natural gas, oil, energy and natural resources provided. Coal was an essential resource of high significance in the industrial revolutionary wave that swept across European countries with France included. Although wind power generated less than 3 percent of the electricity consumed in France in 2010, the countrys wind potential was the second largest in Europe, and new facilities were planned in accordance with EU renewable energy directives. What are the top 3 natural resources? Most Notable Moments In New York City History. France has some coal, iron ores, bauxite, and uranium; but the coal veins are deep and difficult to work and are unsuitable for use in the manufacture of steel. Most of the land in Italy which is about 99% is family owned averaging about eight acres in size. What are the 5 natural resources? By the late 1990s, production was negligible, requiring a high level of imports, principally from the North Sea (Norway and the Netherlands), Algeria, and Russia. The main natural resources of France are iron ore, salt, sulfur, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar and gypsum. Rather, much of it was put to home use. How did Industrialization affect these nations? Iron ores are of a low grade, and the
uranium ore is found only in small quantities. Culture, history,language, travel,and more! The three indices correlated positively. ; 8 Is France the next superpower? As the world moves towards reducing reliance on nuclear energy and natural gas, other environmentally friendly sources of energy have been explored worldwide. There are more than 700,000 adherents of Judaism, concentrated in Greater Paris, Marseille, and Alsace and the large eastern towns. Click above to
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or the Internet. They are numerous in Alsace, in the northern Jura, in the southeastern Massif Central, and in the central Atlantic region. The countrys installed solar capacity increased and new facilities were planned to be installed in accordance with renewable energy directives. Many markets are supplied with oil products by pipeline, which is also the distribution method for natural gas. natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc, hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead, petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium, iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small noncommercial quantities; mineral exploitation except for scientific research is banned by the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty; krill, icefish, toothfish, and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries, which are managed through the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Living Marine Resources (CCAMLR), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium, arable land, small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones, alumina, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, rare earth elements, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, opals, natural gas, petroleum; note - Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal accounting for 29% of global coal exports; as well, Australia is by far the world's largest supplier of opals, oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, bauxite, oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls, timber, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay, construction materials, silica sand, carbonates, arable land, arable land potential, timber, fish, hydropower, small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber, limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism, timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate, tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower, coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower, diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver, alumina, bauxite, beryllium, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, niobium, phosphates, platinum, tantalum, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber, NEGL; pleasant climate, beaches foster tourism, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land, gold, manganese, zinc, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, salt, petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower, arable land, nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum, vanadium, arable land, hydropower, niobium, tantalum, gold, tin, tungsten, kaolin, limestone, salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum, oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential, arable land, petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower, bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower, fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism, diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil, hydropower, petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt, copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower, coal, iron ore, helium, petroleum, natural gas, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, cadmium, ferrosilicon, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, lithium, mercury, tantalum, tellurium, tin, titanium, tungsten, antimony, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest), arable land, petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower, cobalt, copper, niobium, tantalum, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, uranium, coal, hydropower, timber, petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, gold, magnesium, natural gas, hydropower, petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper, gold, nickel, tantalum, silica sand, clay, cocoa beans, coffee, palm oil, hydropower, oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower, cobalt, nickel, iron ore, chromium, copper, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land, calcium phosphates, protected harbors, hot springs, copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment, hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, fish, arable land, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel and sand, potential geothermal power, gold, clay, granite, limestone, marble, salt, diatomite, gypsum, pumice, petroleum, nickel, bauxite, gold, silver, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc, hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, timber, gold, bauxite, diamonds, tantalum, sand and gravel, clay, gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish, oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud, asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc, small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower, iron ore, natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, lead, zinc, bauxite, uranium, potash, salt, hydropower, arable land, timber, fish, fish, squid, wildlife, calcified seaweed, sphagnum moss, fish, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas, timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower, timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone, metropolitan France: coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, arable land, fish; French Guiana:gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay, fish, crayfish, note, Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconutsnote:in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000, petroleum, natural gas, diamond, niobium, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower, fish, clay, silica sand, titanium (rutile and ilmenite), tin, zircon, timber, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth, coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land, gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone, lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, molybdenum, diamonds, gold, platinum, niobium, tantalite, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas, aquatic wildlife (supporting tourism), fishing (largely undeveloped), petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower, bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish, salt, fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite, limestone, unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish, bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower, arable land, timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower, bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land, fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite, coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), antimony, iron ore, lead, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land, oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver, petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur, petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur, natural gas, peat, copper, lead, zinc, silver, barite, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium bromide, clays, sand, coal, antimony, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land, negligible mineral resources, fish; note - with virtually no natural energy resources, Japan is the world's largest importer of coal and liquefied natural gas, as well as the second largest importer of oil, major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower, phosphate (production discontinued in 1979), coconuts (copra), fish, coal, iron ore, limestone, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, precious metals, hydropower, coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential, nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium, lignite, kaolin, chrome, bauxite, abundant hydropower; gold, rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc, timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones, peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, timber, arable land, limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land, water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay, building stone, iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower, iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land, graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, rare earth elements, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower, limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite, tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite, gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower, note, bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited, coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals, iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish, petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber, timber, marine products, deep-seabed minerals, phosphate, lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, limestone, arable land, oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt, coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite, diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, silver, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, tungsten, zinc, salt, hydropower, fish, note, suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore, quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore, natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land, nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper, natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone, gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish, uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum, natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land, low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, pyrites, nickel, fish, timber, hydropower, petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas, oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish, arable land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone, forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals, copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower, gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries, hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone, copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas, timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper, miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish; note - manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered offshore, coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land, fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower, some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil, petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower, wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber, note, formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources, gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land, few natural resources; beaches foster tourism, forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper, oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land, diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite, lignite, small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land, lignite, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests, fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel, uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves, gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas, hydropower, fertile agricultural land, gold, diamonds, petroleum, hardwoods, limestone, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, probable large oil and gas fields on the continental margin; manganese nodules, possible placer deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs; squid, whales, and seals - none exploited; krill, fish, coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land, fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential, limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower, arable land, petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold; hydropower, timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, phosphate, wildlife, fish, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower, petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower, small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, asbestos, arable land, hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold, hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones (including tanzanite, found only in Tanzania), gold, natural gas, nickel, tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land, gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble, phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land, petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt, coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower, copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land, gold, iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land, coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate, arable land, coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, rare earth elements, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber, arable land;note 1: the US has the world's largest coal reserves with 491 billion short tons accounting for 27% of the world's totalnote 2: the US is reliant on foreign imports for 100% of its needs for the following strategic resources: Arsenic, Cesium, Fluorspar, Gallium, Graphite, Indium, Manganese, Niobium, Rare Earths, Rubidium, Scandium, Tantalum, Yttrium; see Appendix H: Strategic Materials for further details, arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fish, natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds, antimony, phosphates, coal, manganese, rare earth elements, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, timber, hydropower, arable land, the rapid depletion of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality pose serious long-term problems, petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west, copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower, coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).