consensus conflict and interactionist views of crime

The consensus view holds that the majority of a society are in agreement as to which behaviors must be outlawed or controlled to protect society. A common example of interactionism is examining the relationship between a person of authority and a subordinate (such as teachers and students, or employers and employees). Crime is socially constructed. The perspective also receives criticism for slighting the influence of social forces and institutions on individual interactions. Whereas American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s generally ignored the conflict perspective in favor of the functionalist, the tumultuous 1960s saw American sociologists gain considerable interest in conflict theory. Acts carried out by these demographics tend to be labelled as deviant more often. Example Of Research Paper On The Three Perspectives Are: Consensus View Of Crime, Conflict View Of Crime, And. According to Howard Becker (1963), theres nothing inherently deviant about any action - what makes an act deviant is when its labelled as deviant. This makes it difficult for them to re-integrate into wider society, and so they accept this new status and lean into it deliberately. Your "why" should be supported with facts. Both structural conflict and structural consensus theories approach the study of social life from a macro perspective, that is, both are concerned with the study of large-scale social structures, such as ideas and belief systems, and institutions, such as the family and education, in their attempts to examine and explain social life (Bilton et . What variables impact one's view of the role of the legal system in determining legal boundaries? The critical thing to note is that we do not want to create laws against everything in society, so we must draw a line between what we consider deviant and unusual verse dangerous and criminal. (for ex. . 123557, Well-researched, fact-checked, and accurate, Eloquently written and immaculately formatted. [2] This paper rejects this academic ideologically-laden approach in favour of the current power relations by critically analysing and evaluating consensus, conflict and interactionist views as well . These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. Its 100% free. Example Of Research Paper On The Three Perspectives Are: Consensus View Of Crime, Conflict View Of Crime, And. Create and find flashcards in record time. Unlike the consensus perspective, the conflict view would suggest that the crime definitions are controlled by those with wealth, power, and social position in society. Now that we have a basis for understanding differences between deviance, rule violations, and criminal law violations, we can now discuss who determines if a law becomes criminalized or decriminalized in the United States. Sociologists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives: the symbolic interactionist perspective, the functionalist perspective, and the conflict perspective. What makes interactionism so different from functionalism? $$, Determine the hybridization of each carbon atom in the following molecule: $\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}_2$, Complete and balance the following equations.\ Drugs. The police made more arrests, more youth began to identify as mods or rockers; and similar acts of deviance, such as vandalism, occurred more often. Consensus view, conflict view, and interactionist view are three views of what, majority of citizens in a society share common ideas and work toward a common good and that crimes are acts that are outlawed because they conflict with the rules of the majority and are harmful to society the law defines a crime; laws apply to all citizens equally, the law is controlled by the rich and powerful who shape its content to ensure their continued economic domination of society. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. Mods and rockers. This process is referred to as. The FBI studies white-collar crime in terms of offense, so official data for white-collar crime will not focus on the background of the offender, which can make the use of Uniform Crime Report Data, UCR data tricky to use if trying to determine a typical offender. View the full answer. , which as it states, implies consensus (agreement) among citizens on what should and should not be illegal. It may be helpful to compare the interactionist theory of crime with the functionalist paradigm in order to better understand the difference between an, Strengths of the interactionist theory of crime, Limitations of the interactionist theory of crime, It focuses on the impacts of deviance at the expense of studying, A criticism of deviancy amplification theory is that while, Social Construction of Health and Illness, Representation of Social Class In The Media, Distribution of Wealth, Poverty, and Income in the UK, Theoretical Approaches to Welfare Providers. Get help with 11% offusing code - GETWOWED, No, thanks! Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise. male dominance explains gender bias, violence against women and repression. Buy now, save instantly, get the job done on time! Symbols may include wedding bands, vows of lifelong commitment, a white bridal dress, a wedding cake, a Church ceremony, and flowers and music. In 1923, 42,000 Cincinnati residents signed a petition for a ballot initiative that would require all cars to have a governor limiting them to 25 miles per hour, which upset auto dealers and sprang them into action to send letters out to vote against the measure. However, white color crimes are accorded relatively lighter punishment considering the magnitude of damage they cause. Blacks commit more crime than any other racial group. View the full answer. However, sometimes crime can change from one society to another. When someone is labelled as deviant, the negative reaction that comes with the process of labelling by wider society impacts the criminals identity in a way that makes them likely to commit crimes again. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. consensus Interactionist 1. The model assumes that members of a society agree on what is right and wrong, and that codified social values become law, with a mechanism of control that settles disputes that arise when some individuals stray too far from what is considered acceptable behavior. Not a deterministic theory - assumes people have some control over their actions and behaviour. is when a deviant act becomes criminal and law is written, with defined sanctions, that can be enforced by the criminal justice system. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Further, the conflict view takes a very Marxian perspective and suggests that these groups are often in constant conflict with one another. Previous Specifically, he was concerned with the criminological communitys preoccupation with the low-status offender and street crimes and the lack of attention given to crimes that were perpetrated by people in higher status occupations. disruption in lifes major transitions can be distructive criminally; as people mature the factors that influence their behavior change, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, Francesco Costanzo, Gary L. Gray, Michael E. Plesha. The United States has the lowest recidivism rates in the world (return to prison). This view also suggests that criminal law is a function of beliefs, morality, and rules that apply equally to all members of society. Have all your study materials in one place. The pioneering European sociologists, however, also offered a broad conceptualization of the fundamentals of society and its workings. Then watch this video on the how weed came to be considered a class one drug in the United States, A third perspective of how we define crime or create laws is referred to as conflict view, commonly associated with Karl Marx in the 1800s. This view of crime falls in between the above two perspectives of crime. At certain points in history in other countries, such as China, this was occurring and was not as deviant as some Americans would like to think it should have been, but it was still illegal. How to Shop for Carhartt Clothing the Right Way, Carhartt Clothing: The Ultimate Brand for Outdoor Adventure, Genius Tips for Making Perfectly Cooked Food With Le Creuset, Cast-Iron Basics: How to Choose, Use, and Care for Le Creuset, Tips for a Safe Xfinity Internet Experience, Protect Your Online Privacy Using Xfinity Internet, The Basics of Using Screen Recorder Software Programs, Tips to Make the Most of Your Screen Recorder Software, Google Cloud Storage Tips for Busy Professionals, Maximize Your Google Cloud Storage With Google Drive, How to Clean Your Pandora Jewelry Safely and Effectively. This idea implies that all groups come together, regardless of social class, race, age, gender, and more, to determine what should be illegal. Each perspective uniquely conceptualizes society, social . Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Social Conflict Theories of the Family 2022-11-01. According to this view, crimes are considered as unlawful behavior simply because the law prohibits them, and not because are evil or immoral behaviors. Complete the following sentence: This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the everchanging nature of society. The law, according to this model, is perceived as arising out of social consensus and is then equally applied to all in society. Proceed if you agree to this policy or learn more about it. Crime is a common occurrence in society. From the conflict view, white-collar and corporate crime gets committed by the haves, and they write the laws and define what is or is not a crime. The theory ultimately attributes humanitarian efforts, altruism, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society to capitalistic designs to control the masses, not to inherent interests in preserving society and social order. This approach involves interpreting the meanings that people collectively apply to certain objects, events, and actions. Any attempt to violate such laws subject the member of the society to punishment. 2.1: Views of Defining Crime is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Thus, the three most familiar criminal perspectives are the Consensus, Conflict and the Interactionist Views of Crime. According to this view, certain acts are deemed so threatening to the society's survival that they are designated as crimes. While European functionalists originally focused on explaining the inner workings of social order, American functionalists focused on discovering the functions of human behavior. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Becker, H. S. (1963). Symbolic interaction theory analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on . Interactionists don't explain who the social groups are that create rules about what counts as deviant acts. The deviancy amplification spiral is demonstrated in the fact that unjustly harsh marginalisation of youth by the media and police led the youth to retaliate by engaging in deviance more often. According to the latest University of Texas/Texas Tribune poll, more than half of the states registered voters support marijuana legalization in the state (a consensus), and only 16 percent said possession of marijuana should remain illegal under any circumstances. An act can be decriminalized at the State level, but not necessarily the Federal level. Each perspective uniquely conceptualizes society, social forces, and human behavior (see Table 1). $$ In all cases, the definition of crime is closely related to the law. Print. Sociology in America, Next Symbolic interactionism is an interactionist perspective that was pioneered by Herbert Blumer in the late 20th century. If a person killed their child, murder charges would occur. In "Criminology," Siegel states that the interactionist view interprets the concept of crime as one that changes relative to a society's present moral values. Going back to how we define crime in society, white-collar crime is still a contested one. We'll study how interactionists understand the occurrence of crime. some suffer from mental illnesses and disorders: bipolar, of psychological theory: ability to form an emotional bond to another person in childhood follows people across the lifespan. from your Reading List will also remove any When labelled as deviant, people become outcasts and thus start to feel defined purely by the perception of them as deviant - this label becomes their master status. We only work with verified PCI DSS-compliant platforms that ensure customers' confidentiality and absolute security of their data. These were two different 'delinquent' groups in the 1960s, with different styles, musical tastes, and hobbies. The conflict view states that crime is behavior defined so that economically powerful individuals can retain their control over society. Provides an explanation for the marginalisation of certain groups after being labelled as deviant. With common sense, manifest functions become easily apparent. In other words, this is a non-consensual view on criminal law. In other words, this view holds that the behavior is illegal according to the existing laws. Functionalism has received criticism for neglecting the negative functions of an event such as divorce. Internal server error. Doesnt explain the origins of the image of the typical deviant beyond micro-level interactions. Stanley Cohen (1987) examined the impact of media coverage of deviant acts and found that they tend to cause deviancy amplification spirals, a process in which deviance increases as a result of the societal reaction to the initial act of deviance. Fig. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Yet this is not necessarily the case for latent functions, which often demand a sociological approach to be revealed. ID We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. There are several thinkers and theories within the paradigm of interactionism (specifically, symbolic interactionism) that seek to explain the prevalence of crime and deviance. Braithwaite (1989) found that crime is less prevalent in societies that implement ___________. Interactionists believe that society is shaped by humans, rather than vice versa. Please try again later. Critics also claim that the perspective justifies the status quo and complacency on the part of society's members. However, to simplify the subject matter, the traditional meaning states that a crime is an offence that results in community punishment. As is the case with all sociological theories, it's important to be aware of the strengths and limitations that they pose when explaining certain phenomena. [6]. economic and political forces in society are fundamental cause of criminality; crimes are defined in a way that meets needs of ruling class and economic/political elites;enron; conflict theory; radical feminist theory, part of conflict theory: commit crime when the law, controlled by rich and powerful defines their behavior as illegal. According to this perspective on crime, the behaviors that constitute crime are those that are considered as harmful to a large number of the citizens of a state or government, due to their universal considerations as harmful, they have been therefore regulated by existing criminal laws (Siegel 12). Cohen examined the societal reaction to deviance committed by mods and rockers to find that media coverage of this deviance was very exaggerated. It may be perfectly legal to do something somewhere, but you would be immediately arrested if you were elsewhere. So, interactionists theorise crime as being socially constructed - no act is inherently deviant, it is only as such if it has been collectively defined as such. Accessed January 18, 2023. There are three types of views on crime: the consensus view, the conflict view and the interactionist view. Interactionism challenges the functionalist view on crime in several ways, the main one being that interactionists question functionalisms position that what constitutes a crime is universal when it tends to only be labelled as such in certain contexts. In the consensus model, criminal law is made by and serves the whole of society. \mathrm{NaOH}(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{HCl}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}(\ell)+\mathrm{NaCl}(\mathrm{aq}) Primary deviance is relatively common, minor and label-free. State delegations met for the Constitutional Convention in 1787. What is a social construction? LockA locked padlock From the perspective of the conflict model, the criminal law does not necessarily express or represent the values of the majority; rather, it expresses the values of the ruling class in a society, and the criminal justice system is a means of controlling the classes that have no power. Becker referred to individuals who use the strength of their positions to encourage others to follow their moral stances. Provides an explanation for discriminatory law practices. https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/example-of-research-paper-on-the-three-perspectives-are-consensus-view-of-crime-conflict-view-of-crime-and/. Social construction is an idea or meaning that people attribute to certain objects or events. Let's take a look at deviancy amplification theory as an example of symbolic interactionism's view on crime. Juveniles are more violent today than ever before. )%2F01%253A_Crime_Criminal_Justice_and_Criminology, $ \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}$ $ \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} $$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $ \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $ \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$ $ \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $ \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$ $ \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $ \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $ \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$ $ \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $ \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$ $ \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}$, 1.1: Crime and the Criminal Justice System, Alison S. Burke, David Carter, Brian Fedorek, Tiffany Morey, Lore Rutz-Burri, & Shanell Sanchez, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Understand the differences between deviance, rule violations, and criminality, Explain the differences between the interactionist, consensus, and conflict views in the creation of laws, Identify the three components of the criminal justice system, Discuss the differences between crime control and due process model, and application examples to each, Describe the wedding cake model theory and application examples to each tier, Briefly explain the role of the media and how media may spread myth in society, Briefly understand the unique role of victims in the criminal justice process. The limitations of this approach are outlined below. It is essentially an interdisciplinary field; many of its practitioners were originally trained as sociologists, psychologists, economists, political scientists, historians, and natural scientists. , whereby the act is criminalised, but the criminals themselves are not. How does this practice tie to consensus? When considering how these two apply to viewing criminal justice as a system it is quite simple. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/example-of-research-paper-on-the-three-perspectives-are-consensus-view-of-crime-conflict-view-of-crime-and/, WowEssays. Interactionism states that social order and control are constructed by people as they navigate everyday life. only includes crimes reported; depends on voluntary submissions; does not include federal crimes; differences in defining and counting crimes; sometimes police try to mediate and dont report are problems with which way of measuring crime? [1]. The conflict view interprets crime as any behavior that the economically powerful class defines as such. Thus, symbolic interactionists give serious thought to how people act, and then seek to determine what meanings individuals assign to their own actions and symbols, as well as to those of others. Instead, it focused on how agencies of social control label particular acts of deviance and what the impact of this labelling process is. This view recognizes that the creation of laws is unequal and may not have consensus like in the example discussed previously. The consensus view holds that crime is unlawful conduct described with the aid of using current crook regulation.A version that . Politicians shape our thoughts on crime, even if they are inaccurate. This example demonstrates how societal changes in how deviance can change through time and space. [2] There are many examples we use in the criminal justice field that demonstrates the conflict view in action. Password recovery email has been sent to email@email.com, Don't waste time. Criminology and criminal justice are mutually dedicated to understanding the nature and control of criminal behavior. Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# These privileged members of the society use their positions to influence the constitution of right or wrong, which should be obeyed by all members of the society. A sociological approach in functionalism is the consideration of the relationship between the functions of smaller parts and the functions of the whole. Whilst earlier labelling theories focused on shaming both the criminal and the crime from society, Braithwaite identified reintegrative shaming, whereby the act is criminalised, but the criminals themselves are not. immoral acts of powerful go unpunished. The interactionist view implies that the laws may be provided by groups of people who hold social power and consequently may influence legislation. Prices dropped - now starting at just $8 per page! The consensus view of crime is the belief that most of the society shares ideals and a common sense of good and acts that are considered harmful or in conflict with society are considered crimes. The auto industry used their power and influence to impose what they felt was to be right and wrong and became moral entrepreneurs. How does symbolic interactionism explain crime? Conflict view sees society as a collection of diverse groups that can include owners, workers, wealthy, poor, students, professionals, younger older, and more. Emile Durkheim suggested that social consensus takes one of two forms: The functionalist perspective achieved its greatest popularity among American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s. A lock ( Cohens (1964) study of mods and rockers demonstrated the deviancy amplification spiral. bookmarked pages associated with this title. Criminologists use various research methods to gather information that will shed light on criminal behavior. The UCR will be covered more fully in chapter two, but it is data collected from police departments, and the FBI compiles reports. This chapter discusses basic concepts in the field of criminology, such as the definition of crime, component areas of criminology, the history of criminology, criminological research methods, and ethical issues that confront the field. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. [3], A moral entrepreneur was a phrase coined by sociologist Howard Becker. A criminalized act is when a deviant act becomes criminal and law is written, with defined sanctions, that can be enforced by the criminal justice system. After reading this section, students will be able to: This section will broadly introduce crime, criminal justice, and criminology. However, there is a limited focus on white-collar crime and even less enforcement of it in the United States. The conflict and consensus models are two parallel models that work toward furthering the protection of society. For example, while it is legal to smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol, certain societies have in their laws the prohibition of smoking Bhang and hashish, despite holding equal health disadvantages. You will indicate whether you know each statement to be True or False, but there is no right or wrong answer since it is just to assess your background knowledge. A molecule containing a central atom with $sp^3d^2$ hybridization has a(n) ________ electron geometry. Some of the key points in the Symbolic Interaction Theory are as follows: individuals act toward each other based on the meaning and relationship those others have for them; meaning is created through the interactions individuals have in sharing personal interpretations of symbols; meanings are modified through a process of creating meaning and . Laws are rules that govern everyone living in a community. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Print. According to Cicourels (1976) study, what are the characteristics of a typical American delinquent? The consensus view of crime regards crime as illegal behavior defined by existing criminal law, as described by Dr. Larry J. Siegel in his book, Criminology. The consensus view, along with the interactionist and conflict views, are the three perspectives that criminologists take on crime and criminal behavior. Siegel Larry J. Criminology: Theories,Patterns and Typologies. These behaviors are contrary to the universal norms, goals, and values of the society within which individuals freely interact. Criminology is the scientific approach to the study of criminal behavior and society's reaction to law violations and violators. In the context of crime, this theory suggests that no act is inherently 'deviant', but is only as such because people have labelled it to be a criminal act. How does this practice tie to consensus? Mods and rockers are two different youth groups with different styles, tastes, and activities. It is found in both indigenous and sophisticated cultures around the world. Today, conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality exists: racial, gender, religious, political, economic, and so on. ), { "1.01:_Crime_and_the_Criminal_Justice_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.02:_Deviance_Rule_Violations_and_Criminality" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.03:_Social_Norms-_Folkways_Mores_Taboo_and_Laws" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.04:_Interactionist_View" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.05:_Consensus_View_and_Decriminalizing_Laws" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.06:_Conflict_View" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.07:_The_Three_Cs-_Cops_Courts_and_Corrections" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.08:_The_Crime_Control_and_Due_Process_Models" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.09:_How_Cases_Move_Through_the_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.10:_Media_Coverage_of_Crimes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.11:_Wedding_Cake_Model_of_Justice" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.12:_Street_Crime_Corporate_Crime_and_White-Collar_Crime" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.13:_Different_Types_of_Crimes_and_Offenses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.14:_Victims_and_Victim_Typologies" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.15:_Victim_Rights_and_Assistance" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Crime_Criminal_Justice_and_Criminology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Defining_and_Measuring_Crime_and_Criminal_Justice" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Criminal_Law" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Criminal_Justice_Policy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Criminological_Theory" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Policing" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Courts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Corrections" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Community_Corrections" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Juvenile_Justice" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { Book3A_Law_for_Entrepreneurs : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Book:_Business_Law_I_Essentials_(OpenStax)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Book:_Foundations_of_Business_Law_and_the_Legal_Environment" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Book:_Introduction_to_Contracts_Sales_and_Product_Liability" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Book:_Introduction_to_Criminal_Law" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Book:_Introduction_to_the_American_Criminal_Justice_System_(Burke_et_al.)"
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