In September 1915, the first public loan, the $500,000,000 Anglo-French loan, was floated after negotiations with the Anglo-French Financial Commission. Political contributions favored policies over party, and Hill was frequently frustrated when candidates failed to fulfill campaign promises. She died on November 22, 1921. In February 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt began prosecution of the Northern Securities Company under the Sherman Antitrust Act. Folks already knew the region had iron ore. 4241 Jutland Dr #202, San Diego, CA 92117. The James J. Hill House in St. Paul, is a National Historic Landmark.[24]. Hill was born September 16, 1838, in Eramosa Township, Upper Canada (now Ontario) to James Hill Jr. and Ann Dunbar. The key to the Great Northern line was Hill's use of the previously unmapped Marias Pass. James J. Hill is back in the news this month but not for his famous railroad. Meanwhile, nearly every other transcontinental railroad went bankrupt. A daughter, Katie, died in infancy (1876). The Great Northern Railway and the Northern Pacific tried to merge four times, in 1896, 1901, 1927, and 1955. As with his business dealings, Hill supervised the construction and design himself, hiring and firing several architects in the process. He was named a founder of the Trust at age 4. With 1901 and the start of the new century, James Hill now had control of both the Great Northern Railway, and the Northern Pacific (which he had obtained with the help of his friend J. P. Morgan, when that railroad went bankrupt in the depression of the mid-1890s). One of his challenges at this point was the avoidance of federal action against railroads. Avenue in the Library in his 70th year, was born on 25 September 1956 at little Falls N! Follow him at twitter.com/TomWebbMN. Hill did much of the route planning himself, traveling over proposed routes on horseback. harlotte Elizabeth Slade (nacida Hill), Ruth Heidsieck (nacida Hill), Rachel Boeckmann (nacida Hill), Gertrude T Gavin (nacida Hill), Kat James Dunbar, Mary Elizabeth Brooks (born Hill), Alexander Samuel Dunbar Hill. The winners of that truce were Hill and Morgan, who immediately formed the Northern Securities Company with the aim of tying together their three major rail lines (Ironically, the Burlington Route, Northern Pacific, and Great Northern would later merge in 1970 to form the Burlington Northern Railroad). A truce had to be called between the warring teams following which Hill and Morgan joined hands to stabilise the share market. During this same period, Hill also entered into banking and quickly managed to become member of several major banks' boards of directors. Drawing on his experience in the development of Minnesota's Iron Range, Hill was, during 19111912, in close contact with Gaspard Farrer of Baring Brothers & Company of London regarding the formation of the Brazilian Iron Ore Company to tap that nation's rich mineral deposits. Over the next 18 years they had 10 children: Mary, James, Louis, Clara, Katherine (who died in infancy), Charlotte, Ruth, Rachel, Gertrude, and Walter. When there was not enough industry in the areas Hill was building, Hill brought the industry in, often by buying out a company and placing plants along his railroad lines. Hillwas acknowledged for his discreet business skills but he also had a deep regard for art. For decades, much of Minnesotas Mesabi Range was owned by a St. Paul-based trust that Hill and his partners created in 1906. ", 240 Summit Ave. Unlike the railroad, the trust rarely drew much attention. Near the end of his life, Hill played what a recent biographer, Albro Martin, called his "last and greatest role." It was his relentless hard work and business prowess that led to further railroad development in Northwest America. She attended finishing school at St. Mary's Institute (Milwaukee, Wis., 1864-1867) and married James J. Hill on August 19, 1867. The Great Northern reached Seattle on January 7, 1893. They lived at 366 Summit Avenue in a home that is still standing. 651-297-2555 She was the daughter of an Irish immigrant and was a pious catholic. In 1959, Hill High in St. Paul, Minnesota, was established as a school from the funds set aside from Hill's wife for education. Because Hill created a property-holding trust, it had to follow laws insuring that property is controlled by the living, not the dead. Louis Jr. was just 4 years old when the trust was created. He invested a considerable amount of profit back into the business, further expanding and upgrading the business, earning his position as president of the company. Northern Pacific stock was forced up to $1,000 per share. The Democratic Party's continued enchantment with the populist William Jennings Bryan led Hill to support Republican presidential candidates William McKinley (1896 and 1900), Theodore Roosevelt (1904), William Howard Taft (1908 and 1912). Instead, its for his lesser-known role as an iron ore magnate. Part of Hill's success during the depression also was due to repeatedly cutting his employees' wages, although this was during a time of deflation when prices were falling generally. Copyright Privacy Information Policy Ticketing Policy. [11] This "Dakota Boom" peaked in 1882 as 42,000 immigrants, largely from northern Europe, poured into the Red River Valley running through the region. Hillsboro, North Dakota; Hill County, Montana; and Hillyard, Washington (now a neighborhood of Spokane) - are named for him. He was the only businessman to make a hefty profit even during the time of depression. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. To sea as a clerk for a few years CA 1918-1922 1826 in Broadoak, Cornwall, ;. His ability to ride out the depression garnered him fame and admiration. In 1890 the railroad became the Great Northern Railway Company, with Hill as president (1890-1907) and later chairman of the board (1907-1912). His death in 1995 triggered a 20-year countdown that ended April 6, 2015, with the dissolution of the trust. [19] After falling into a coma, he died in his home in St. Paul, Minnesota, on May 29, 1916. Those iron ore holdings had grown so lucrative that Hill wanted to avoid the charge of earning too much money, according to an authorized company history, The Great Northern Railway.. Paul and Pacific Railroad encountered huge losses and was bankrupt. In 1891, after three years of building, construction was completed on a new Hill family home on Summit Avenue in St. Paul. Hill teamed up with Norman Kittson (the man he had merged steamboat businesses with), Donald Smith, George Stephen and John Stewart Kennedy. (Peter Hill Beard is his great-grandson.) He went on to become a prominent businessman in St. Paul, a state legislator for 14 years, and a philanthropist who helped disburse some of the familys fortune. He knew that the multiplying profits would soon find its way under the Federal Governments scanner, and so he used his profits wisely. That includes the Mahoning. She received education at St. Marys Institute of Notre Dame. Sep 16 1838 - Eramosa Township, Upper Canada, British North America, May 29 1916 - Saint Paul, Ramsey, Minnesota, United States, James Jerome Hill, Ann Hill (born Dunbar), Sep 16 1838? In this way, he continued the relationship developed by his grandfather, James J. Hill, between St. Paul and Japan. Experience Christmas, 1910both upstairs and downstairsin the sumptuous Gilded Age mansion of railroad titan James J. Hill. Hill was an avid collector and patron of the arts. At Hills insistence, the case was tried in St. Paul at the Federal Courts Building (now Landmark Center). The James J. Hill House in St. Paul, Minnesota is a National Historic Landmark. Hill and his railway are mentioned in the Harry McClintock song "Hallelujah, I'm a Bum.". In 1880, its net worth was $728,000 (equal to $20,441,738 today); in 1885 it was $25,000,000, equal to $753,981,481 today. Instead, it's for his lesser-known role as an iron ore magnate. uis Warren Hill, Clara Anne Lindley (born Hill), Katherine Theresa Hill, Charlotte Elizabeth Slade (born Hill), Ruth Beard Heidsieck Lori James Jerome Hill, Anne Ann Hill (born Dunbar), James Hill, Mary Elizabeth Brooks (born Hill), Alexander Samuel Dunbar Hill, Louis Warren Hill. "What we want," Hill is quoted as saying, "is the best possible line, shortest distance, lowest grades, and least curvature we can build. Hill noted that the secret to his success was "work, hard work, intelligent work, and then more work."[4]. More About MAURICE EARL HILL: In 1870, he and his partners started the Red River Transportation Company, which offered steam boat transportation between St. Paul and Winnipeg. He also took strong measures to economizein just one year, Hill cut the railway's expense of carrying a ton of freight by 13%. Born in Virginia in 1825, Hill was a career military officer and graduate of West Point who served in the Mexican-American and Seminole Wars before leading Confederate troops in a series of key. To that end, Hill was a major figure in the effort launched by J.P. Morgan to float the Anglo-French Bond drive of 1915, which allowed the Allies to purchase much-needed foodstuffs and other supplies. In later years, he explained his economic philosophy in the book Highways of Progress and continued the campaign to convert the farmers of the Northwest to the principles of scientific agriculture, often testing breeds of cattle and strains of grain at his own farms. Concomitantly, the resulting trade in munitions with England and France carried the United States from a depression in 1914 to boom years in 1915 and 1916. Through this work, he learned all aspects of the freight and transportation business. He died in 1995, setting off the 20-year timtabkle that led to dissolution of the Trust in 2015. He came to St. Paul in 1856, where he first worked as a shipping clerk for J. W. Bass and Company. James Jerome Hill, a Canadian-American railroad executive and the greatest pioneer in the field of transcontinental railroads, was a visionary who transcended the dreams of a common man and went on to become The Empire Builder. It was his relentless hard work and business prowess that led to further railroad development in Northwest America. He bought out plenty of bankrupt businesses during this time, reformed them and sold them off at great profit. Hill was a hands-on, detail-obsessed manager. "Minnesota Deaths and Burials, 1835-1990," index and database. cameron mcinnes salary; May 21, 2022; The skill of book-keeping he had acquired as a clerk at Kentucky, before moving to Minnesota helped augment his knowledge and had landed him this job. Politically, Hill was a conservative Bourbon Democrat. For three years, Hill researched the StP&P and finally concluded that it would be possible to make a good deal of money off the StP&P, provided that the initial capital could be found. Under his management, StPM&M prospered. Between 1856 and 1859 he prospered in a series of wood and coal merchandising partnerships. He was the chief executive officer of a family of lines headed by the Great Northern Railway, which served a substantial area of the Upper Midwest, the northern Great Plains, and Pacific Northwest. Because of the size of this region and the economic dominance exerted by the Hill lines, Hill became known during his lifetime as The Empire Builder. Born in southern Ontario on September 16, 1838, to Irish immigrant parents, young Hill suffered a bow and arrow injury at age nine and lost sight in his right eye for the rest of his life. Over the next two decades, he worked relentlessly to push the line north to Canada and then west across the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. James Jerome Hill Mary Theresa Mehegan Hill Mary Frances (Mamie) James Norman (Jimmy) Louis Warren Clara Ann The Hills shrewdly included a group of children among the founders, insuring the trust would last a very long time. Many speculators, who had sold Northern Pacific "short" in the anticipation of a drop in the railroad's price, faced ruin. What to expect; First visit; FAQ; [14] Mary Hill died in 1922 and was buried next to her husband by the shore of Pleasant Lake on their North Oaks farm. The result was restoration of the workers' wages to pre-depression levels. The case was carried to the US Supreme Court, and Northern Securities was declared to be in restraint of trade in a 5-4 decision in March 1904. Connecting junctions almost all over North America, it is to his merit that trade and occupations saw a leap in U.S.A. Holding on to his vivid ambition, he climbed up to the helm of Americas transportation business from being the son of a hired peasant. The Supreme Court in 1904 ordered it to be dissolved as a monopoly. Mary Hill Hill, who married Samuel Hill of Washington D.C. & Seattle. Although Great Northern and Northern Pacific were backed by J. P. Morgan and James J. Hill, the Union Pacific was backed not only by its president, Edward H. Harriman, but by the extremely powerful William Rockefeller and Jacob Schiff. Boeckmann had been a football hero for the University of Minnesota. During this same period, Hill also entered into banking and quickly managed to become member of several major banks' boards of directors. As the Hill-Morgan alliance formed the Northern Securities Company, Theodore Roosevelt became president and turned his energies against the great trusts that were monopolizing trade. He was the president and board chairman of the Great Northern Railway, which served a substantial area of the Upper Midwest, the northern Great Plains, and Pacific Northwest . [10], The Great Northern energetically promoted settlement along its lines in North Dakota and Montana, especially by Germans and Scandinavians from Europe. On 16 September 1838, James J. Hill was born to Anne Dunbar Hill and James Hill. The 14-story building cost $14 million to construct. He didnt seem to have a large interest in getting land along the railroad, or (investing) in any of the speculation or the business activities along the railroad.. Hill was a member of the Jekyll Island Club (aka The Millionaires Club) on Jekyll Island, Georgia, along with J. P. Morgan and William Rockefeller. In 1867, Mary Theresa Mehegan, the daughter of Irish immigrants, wed James Jerome Hill, a Canadian immigrant who went on to achieve incredible success. Hill took drastic cost-saving measures to keep the Great Northern operating, but the pay cuts to railroad workers proved too much to bear. His first goal was to expand and upgrade even more. But nobody knew how vast those deposits really were. We might permanently block any user who abuses these conditions. Hill was born in Eramosa Township, Wellington County, Upper Canada (now Ontario). He offered Japanese Industrialists Southern cotton and would even ship it for free if they would compare it with the short staple cotton they were using with the promise of a refund if they were dissatisfied, which they were not. Hill was represented by, among others, the law firm headed by Frank B. Kellogg. It was Louis who acquired the land that became the Hill Annex Mine. [27] The Hill library owns 75 shares. History The city that is now North Oaks was purchased by Hill in 1883 and turned into a 5,000-acre research farm. Surprisingly, at the end of arbitration Hill accepted most the workers demands. Hence, Hill left school in 1852, and began working at a grocery store to aid in supporting his family. For James Hill it was a golden opportunity. heathwood hall faculty; will a dui show up on a fingerprint check; paulette gebara farah disability; last minute diy star wars costumes; james j hill descendants today. The threat of a real economic panic loomed. He cherished summers at the family's North Oaks farm and an annual spring trip to his hunting lodge in Quebec for salmon fishing. An enthusiastic conservationist, Hill was invited by President Theodore Roosevelt to a governors' conference on conservation of natural resources, and later appointed to a lands commission. In 1887, the Great Northern's first company headquarters building was constructed in St. Paul. It was there that he studied algebra, mathematics, geometry, land surveying and English. Hill avoided this by investing a large portion of the railroad's profit back into the railroad itselfand charged those investments to operating expense. It was at this point that Hill went from general manager to the official president of StPM&M, and thereafter decided to expand the rail lines. Concomitantly, the resulting trade in munitions with England and France carried the United States from a depression in 1914 to boom years in 1915 and 1916.[22]. In order to generate business for his railroad, Hill encouraged European immigrants to settle along his line, often paying for Russian and Scandinavian settlers to travel from Europe. Nearing the century mark, downtown St. Paul's James J. Hill Center to close in July. Hill was intimately involved in the planning and construction (19141916) of a new company headquarters in St. Paul (to be known as the Great Northern Office Building), which was to house the corporate staffs of the Great Northern, the Northern Pacific and Hill's banking enterprises. Geni requires JavaScript! Hill County, Montana is named in his honor. As a child he encountered a serious accident, where he was struck by an arrow in his right eye that blinded his eye forever. So the trust came with an expiration date: it would terminate 20 years after the last original founder had died. He was a voracious reader of nonfiction, although there are references to Hill lustily singing ballads based on the poems of Robert Burns. Mary Hill was long active in St. Paul's Catholic community. Mary Hill died in 1922 and was buried next to her husband by the shore of Pleasant Lake (North Oaks, Minnesota) on their North Oaks farm. He was within 40,000 shares of control when Hill learned of Harriman's activities and quickly contacted J. P. Morgan, who ordered his men to buy everything they could get their hands on. It was obtained by the Minnesota Historical Society in 1978 and today is operated as a museum and gallery. In 1995, Burlington Northern merged with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to become the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway. He loved reading and also took to poetry. After the death of Hill's wife in 1921, the house was donated to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. Cook St. Paul is no more. This last attempt lasted from 1955 until final Supreme Court approval and merger in March 1970, which created the Burlington Northern Railroad. His condition deteriorated quickly in mid-May, but even with the help of many respected doctors he was beyond saving. It only had 10 employees. Not for the first time in Hill's career, competitors became partners. And he built the iron ore docks, which made it possible to ship ore to distant cities like Cleveland; Gary, Ind. Between 1883 and 1889, Hill built his railroads across Minnesota, into Wisconsin, and across North Dakota to Montana. The center, which opened in 1921 . Hill was a supporter of free trade and was one of the few supporters of free trade with Canada. In 1867, Hill entered the coal business, and by 1879 it had expanded five times over, giving Hill a local monopoly in the anthracite coal business. J. Hill, a wildly successful railroad tycoon known appropriately as the "Empire Builder", the 36,000-square-foot property at 240 Summit Avenue spans three lots and touts arguably the most . (photo courtesy Minnesota Historical Society), Louis W. Hill, Jr., the grandson of James J. Hill, was the last living founder of the Great Northern Iron Ore Trust in St. Paul. Hill chose to build his railroad north of the competing Northern Pacific line, which had reached the Pacific Northwest over much more difficult terrain with more bridges, steeper grades, and tunnelling. At the start, it took the Hill family a few years to fully explore and understand what they owned. During his lifetime, Hill referenced it a number of times, to show that he wasnt a robber baron, that he was a little altruistic, that he was doing it for the stockholders of the Great Northern Railway, McCormack said. James J. Hill House Rugged stone, massive scale, fine detail and ingenious mechanical systems recall the powerful presence of James J. Hill, builder of the Great Northern Railway. These events led him to be acclaimed as a headstrong businessman who had overcome the Panic of 1893 and stood like a pillar through Americas financial turmoil. Over 400 workers labored on the project. Nancy, David and his brother Frank were notorous outlaws during the economic downturn be carried was james j hill descendants today by family. In May 1879, the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway Co. (StPM&M) formedwith James J. Hill as general manager. James Jerome Hill was born near Guelph, Ontario on September 16, 1838. He ousted its president John Hendry, thereby worsening the problems, prolonging the delays, and adding to the costs of taking over the VW&Y. Eramosa Township, Upper Canada, British North America, Saint Paul, Ramsey, Minnesota, United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_J._Hill&oldid=707800972, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hill_james_jerome_14E.html, Persons of National Historic Significance. James J. Hill. When he was looking for the best path for one of his tracks to take, he went on horseback and scouted it personally. The net worth of the company jumped from $728,000 in 1880 to $25,000,000 in 1885. hillhouse@mnhs.org When his estate was divided his widow received over 16 million, and each of his children received almost 4 million; 1.5 million was paid in income and inheritance taxes.[19]. Then Harriman quickly began buying stock in Northern Pacific with the aim of eventually gaining control over it. Brother of Mary Elizabeth Hill Upon completion of the Summit Avenue residence, Hill had the family's old house, which he had constructed in 1878, razed. Six months after the railroad reached Seattle came the depression called the Panic of 1893. His first job in St. Paul was with a steamboat company, where he worked as a bookkeeper. If not, see our friends at Ancestry DNA. First, Hill turned his personal ownership of the mines over to his railroad, a move that Hills more reverential biographers cite as proof of his honor and generosity. A Canadian himself of Scotch-Irish Protestant ancestry, he brought in many men with the same background into high management. The result was chaos on Wall Street. Largest Database of New Mexico Mugshots. Hill and Debs agreed to arbitration by other business owners led by Charles Alfred Pillsbury. In 1907 he made his son the owner of his business, yet his grit and determination led him to work daily, until just a week before he died. Rachel Hill married physician Egil Boeckmann in 1913 at the Hill House at 240 Summit. "[7] Hill got what he wanted, and in January 1893 his Great Northern Railway, running from St. Paul, Minnesota to Seattle, Washington a distance of more than 1,700 miles (2,700km) was completed. It was at this point that Hill became the official president of StPM&M (not that he hadn't been the man behind the curtain before), and decided to expand the rail lines. Louis Warren Hill (May 19, 1872- April 27, 1948), was an American railroad executive. In 1873, he entered the steamboat business and by 1879 he had a local monopoly by merging (with Norman Kittson). He attended the Rockwood Academy for a short while, where the head gave him free tuition. Neither side could win a distinct advantage, and the parties soon realized that a truce would have to be called. As one of the trusts current officials, Robert Stein, testified last November, It was set up uniquely by James J. Hill as part of the political circumstances of the time to avoid a federal statute that was passed. Though a Protestant, Hill maintained a strong philanthropic relationship with the Catholic Church in St. Paul and through the northwest. Map | Directions and Parking. For James Hill it was a golden opportunity. Unfortunately for the Hill-Morgan alliance, on the same day they formed the Northern Securities Company, President William McKinley was assassinated, placing Theodore Rooseveltthe "trust-buster"in the office of President. The result was chaos on Wall Street. Hill sent Mary to finishing school in Milwaukee before their marriage in 1867 to prepare her for the impending change of stature in her life. By 1860, he was working for wholesale grocers, for whom he handled freight transfers, especially dealing with railroads and steamboats. He was forced to leave school in 1852 due to the death of his father. s W. Hill, James Norman Hill, Unknown Hill, Clara Ann Lindley (born Hill), Katherine Theresa Hill, Unknown Hill, Ruth Beard (born Hill), Sep 16 1838 - Wellington, Guelph, Rockwood, Eramosa Township, Ontario, Canada, Mary Elizabeth Brooks (born Hill), Alexander Samuel Dunbar Hill. Opened as the James . Hill's father died when the boy was 14, so Jim Hill began clerking in local shops before setting off to seek his fortune. We invite you to use our commenting platform to engage in insightful conversations about issues in our community. Have you taken a DNA test? His particular talents for English and mathematics would be helpful in his career. Its last trading day was April 6, 2015. Both opponents wanted the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads to add to their flourishing businesses. It was a bitter blow to Hill, and the decision marked the role the federal government would often take in breaking up corporate monopolies in the 20th century. November 25-December 31, 2022. It was only in the 1870s that the possibility of a railway system through the Red River Valley dawned on him. Because of vandals or curious admirers both graves were later moved to Resurrection Cemetery in St. Paul for safer keeping. uis Warren Hill, Clara Ann Lindley (born Hill), Katherine Theresa Hill, Charlotte Elizabeth Slade (born Hill), Ruth Beard (born Hill), Ra James Hill, Mary Elizabeth Brooks (born Hill), Alexander Samuel Dunbar Hill, Louis Warren Hill, Hill. Hill responded with characteristic bluntness: "Work, hard work, intelligent work, and then more work. (Pioneer Press file photo: Joe Odin). Copyright Privacy Information Policy Ticketing Policy, James J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest, Harriman vs. Hill: Wall Street's Great Railroad War, James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest. All his success left Hill with an estimated net worth of $63 million and over $200 million in related assets upon his death on May 29, 1916. People commented on his piercing gaze and said he held their attention with his quick, animated speech, gesturing expansively and jabbing the air with a hand or finger to make his point. Today Hills house has been preserved as a museum. Wars " below / In 1929, the Great Northern Railway inaugurated a long-distance passenger train extending from Chicago to Seattle, and named it the Empire Builder in his honor. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/james-j-hill-138.php. We do not care enough for Rocky Mountains scenery to spend a large sum of money developing it. After working as a clerk in Kentucky (during which he learned bookkeeping), Hill decided to permanently move to the United States and settled in St. Paul, Minnesota, at the age of 18. Between 1883 and 1889, Hill built his railroads across Minnesota, into Wisconsin, and across North Dakota to Montana. It was in the season of winter that the Mississippi River froze and trading via steamboats was hindered. In September 1915, the first public loan, the $500,000,000 Anglo-French loan, was floated. "A Gilded Age Businessman in Politics: James J. Hill, the Northwest, and the American Presidency, 1884-1912,", This page was last edited on 15 December 2022, at 06:08. [14], In 1893, Hill began the process of looking for a source of labor other than Chinese workers. His ability to ride out the depression garnered him fame and admiration. In 1864 Hill met a waitress who was working at the Merchants Hotel in St. Paul, where he often ate. During the late 1880s,he aimed to build a rail route through the Rockies to the Pacific. Hill chose to build his railroad north of the competing Northern Pacific line, which had reached the Pacific Northwest over much more difficult terrain with more bridges, steeper grades, and tunneling. Thus, with his experience in cargo business he began bidding for other contracts and won quite a few. During the winter months when the Mississippi River was frozen and steamboats could not run, Hill started bidding on other contracts and won several. Hill was known to be blunt with occasional humour. In order to ensure that he did not lose his patronage during the crisis, Hill lowered rail tariff shipping rates for farmers and gave credit to many of the businesses he owned so they could continue paying their workers and starting a "10 dollar trip" (equal to $301.59 today) for immigrants.
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