Following a steady decline in the numbers being placed at the School, it was formally closed on January 4th, 1922. Those of the youths not thus engaged, are occupied in tailoring, cobbling, netting, or in superintending the operations of cleansing, the subordinate offices of culinary preparation, &c., proceeding in other parts of the house. Contents may not be reproduced without permission. Musical drill with dumb-bells took place once a week for an hour, and there was company drill for the boys who had boots in the yard. At each side of the main entrance there are two carved figures in stone representing Charity and Mercy. The building was put up some fifty years since, and was originally, as to part Jan 5 Merseyside Mirth Makers - Keith Carter inmates were unable to mount to it. Founded in 1849 as a mixed school; became a girls' school in 1878. Smyth Cavan. Dooley Liverpool. As well educating, training and feeding poor children in the area, the establishment now also became a Certified Industrial School allowing it to receive children committed by magistrates to a period of detention. Cost of living support for Liverpool residents. LIVERPOOL INDUSTRIAL AND RAGGED SCHOOLS, SOHO STREET, LIVERPOOL; Sometimes referred to SOHO STREET SCHOOL. The property was described as 'a fine, airy building on high ground close by the parent school.' They stand on high ground, in the immediate vicinity of the county prison. In England, the 1857 Industrial Schools Act was intended to solve problems of juvenile delinquency, by removing poor and neglected children from their home environment to a boarding school. After his subsequent marriage, his wife was appointed matron. A new printing machine of modern design had been bought, together with two new sewing machines and a new gas cooking range. The following year, it was noted that type-writing had been added to the industrial training. By the following year, Mr Mennie The main south entrance leads to a corridor 7 ft. in width, which runs the entire length of the building, from which, in the front part, on the ground floor, are approached the several day-rooms, teachers' rooms, offices, and other rooms in the master's department. The site, overlooking the Dee estuary, had large gardens with seats and a shelter for convalescing patients. An 1896 report described the premises as 'an old ragged school in a squalid part of the town. Liverpool Girls' Industrial School, Auxiliary Home at 52 St Domingo Vale, 2013. In the classroom, singing (4 parts, sol-fa) was rated as 'good'; recitation was also 'good', while mental arithmetic and geography were 'very fair'. Addison St. 1891. A year later it was recorded that an adjoining house had been taken into occupation to provide additional space. Despite extensions it was closed before 1920. beef cut into small pieces and boiled with potatoes; Wednesday, SundayBroth, beef and bread. Following a steady decline in the numbers being placed at the School, it was formally closed on July 15th, 1922. Liverpool - Kirkdale Industrial School, c.1850. Get 3 Months of Audible audio books for just 99p! Liverpool Industrial School for Girls. There was a good library, and indoor games were supplied. LIVERPOOL Boys' Refuge Industrial School for ROMAN Catholic Boys, 62 St Anne STREET, Liverpool, Lancs. Listed as St Albans in the 1873 Directory. The Blackfield Terrace area was one hill, whilst the second hill can be found in the area formerly occupied by the Liverpool Industrial School. Liverpool Olive Mount cottage homes older children in fancy dress, c.1908. In 1823, three remarkably long-lived workhouse residents died: Ellen Tate aged 110, Francis Dixon aged 105, and Margaret McKenzie aged 104. Therefore, it is our philosophy to . The men were in many cases lounging in the bedrooms, there being no horrific scalding injuries they received, were the workhouse engineer, Richard Long, Liverpool Industrial School 1891 on: Saturday 28 October 06 23:48 BST (UK) Does anyone know where I can gain access to the records of the above industrial school? It changed its name to Westminster House Home for Elderly People in the early 1950s and finally closed in March 1968. The Blackfield Terrace area was one hill, whilst the second hill can be found in the area formerly occupied by the Liverpool Industrial School. Inline images in messages are the copyright of the respective linked sites. Torpey Cork. The house receives from 1s. Liverpool Parish continued to make use of the Brownlow Hill site, whose layout is shown on the 1848 map below. Girls who sleep at home assemble, wash, and prepare for breakfast. Gores 1911 lists it as built in 1907. but the LRO has the minute book for June 1876 - July 1885. The original building, at the south of the site, later became used as the workhouse infirmary. The accommodation, especially of the smaller classrooms, is but poor and is severely taxed. His report concluded: The new buildings mentioned by Cane lay to the south of the site and were completed in October, 1868. On the 1849 map it's an anonymous road right on the edge of town, next to the Liverpool Industrial School (search on this Workhouses website). There was a six weeks' break of school work every year, when there were five or six day excursions. Industrial, Technical & Trade Schools Colleges & Universities Nursing Schools. Aigburth. A camping trip to the Isle of Man took place in the summer. SupperMonday, Tuesday, SaturdayMilk pottage and bread; Wednesday, SundayBroth, beef and bread; Thursday, FridayMilk and bread. There was a marked absence of any human interest, and though the superintendent and matron impressed us favourably it was impossible to avoid feeling that the lives of the inmates were not merely wanting in colour, but were aimless and listless. 2. Boys who sleep at home A few old men are employed in boat building. [Links]. Kennedy Manchester. In 1880, the staff comprised: Superintendent, boys, Mr L. Rowlands; assistant, Mr Smith; tailor, Mr Dobson; shoemaker, Mr Longmure; printer, matchbox maker, and general assistant. The Liverpool Industrial School for Girls was founded in 1878 as separate establishment for girls from the Ragged Industrial School at Everton Terrace which was changing from a mixed institution to being boys-only. Brownlow Workhouse Admissions (1869-1925); Births (1841-1914); Baptisms (1831-58, 1874-1928); Deaths (1914-24); Creed register (1841-1928); etc. Hailing from Huyton, Liverpool, 'The Glass Skies' is a four piece indie/pop band who have been . The house boys and girls are formed into classes in their separate rooms, for self-improvement, till 8 o'clock. Liverpool Record Office holds information for this school and St Augustine's from 1869-1960. The misunderstanding, and the fascination, arise from the same . The whole of the first floor is divided into dormitories of uniform size, for the use of the officials of the establishment as well as the inmates. This institution has been for some years in operation on the voluntary footing, under the management of Sisters of Charity, superintended by the Rev. Towards the middle of the 19th Century, however, Bootle was already starting to see the effects of the expansion of Liverpool to the south. 136. Reformatory and Industrial schools were being established on land, and these schools had problems with finding employment for the youths when they left. The industrial training provision at the School included a workshop for tailoring and one for shoemaking, a printing department, and a carpenter's shop. The Kirkdale Homes was taken over by West Derby Union in 1922 and then by Liverpool City Council in 1929. They are then assembled for morning devotions; after which they have a plain breakfast of porridge and treacle, and, this over, they are allowed to disport themselves for a short time in the yard. The material below is taken from the web page . The location is just over a mile from the River Mersey, and Bootle became known as a seaside resort, with Merton Road leading down the hill to the sea. The Division of Industrial Design operates on the principles of a Learning Organization. The principal school-room is in the east wing of the building, and is 83 ft long by 30 ft. wide and 36 ft in height; whilst the dining room, which is in the west wing, is 80 ft.long by 30 ft. wide and is uniform in height with the school- room. In 1911, there were 112 Industrial Schools operating in England and Wales, although only twenty-two were operated by local authorities, the rest being run by charitable and religious groups. Unlike most Day Industrial Schools, which were operated by local School Boards, Kirkdale was run by a voluntary management and so did not benefit from government funding. He had alleged that in the classification ward, abandoned profligates Haynes the girls. ORPHANAGE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR ROMAN CATHOLIC BOYS, BEACON LANE, LIVERPOOL. There was a good open space attached to the house for use as playground, but no garden or field for out-door labour. Thomas Major Lester, the incumbent of St Mary's Church. Good luck. Contents may not be reproduced without permission. A telephone had also been installed. A new "House of Industry" was built in 1769-72 at Brownlow Hill. RootsChat.com is a totally free family history forum to help you. The officer in Liverpool workhouse infirmary from the south, c.1925. Peter Higginbotham, Liverpool Olive Mount homes entrance and lodge from the west, 2009. Mr. J Westmoreland of Islington is the sole contractor, and the building has been erected by him, assisted by tradesmen who have taken contracts from him in the several departments. The girls under committal took over the boys' residence at 35 Walton Road, which then became known St Mary's Industrial School for Girls. &c. There are "lying-in wards," fever wards for both sexes, and wards set apart for cases of cholera affecting men and women. Broad Green Industrial School for Girls Liverpool, Lancashire. Liverpool Record Office and Local History Service, On the 25th of March, 1831, there were in the house, During the year ending 25th of March, 1832, admitted, Remaining in the house 25th of March, 1832. In 1880, Alfred King returned to Bleasdale to replace his recently deceased father, Mr Grant King, as superintendent of the institution. The administration consists of but two officers for 268 inmates. for the aged inmates from [the workhouse]. The doorkeepers were paupers, who frequently took bribes for admission, and the house was altogether in a most disorderly state. It was established by the Liverpool Ragged Union, an organisation which founded a number of ragged schools in the city. Houghton Ashton in Makerfield. The east and west elevations of the buildings are uniform in design, with the south front, the school-room dining and play rooms, having mullion chancel windows. Re: Liverpool Industrial School (Everton) Reply #7 on: Saturday 22 September 07 14:47 BST (UK) . over to the men during the night. The site layout is shown on the 1912 map below. It appeared that, at in the present market price, the expense averaged about a halfpenny a meal, or threehalfpence a day for each person. Inline images in messages are the copyright of the respective linked sites. During the First World War, Highfield was deployed as a military hospital. Curriculum . The K. recreation grounds are open to persons of all classes and all ages. Extracts from Henderson's report is included below. The number of persons in the house has varied from about 900 to a little less than 1,200 from 1782 to 1794. There was a new building in 1971. Photo courtesy of Liverpool Record Office. The superintendent was now Mr William Gorrie, and the matron Mrs Frances Smith. The Committee decided to provide new accommodation for the School and in the meantime, only essential repair work was carried out at the existing building. [Records] LIVERPOOL ORPHANAGE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR ROMAN CATHOLIC Girls. The premises were gradually extended and improved. Industrial Design BEng (Hons) - 2023 entry - Courses - University of Liverpool Study Undergraduate courses Industrial Design BEng (Hons) My qualifications are from: United States. The play-yards, too, are very small and confined.' (0151) 228 8576. Classes in the School Room, and Bible Lesson. There were quite a few industrial schools in the Merseyside area, including the Liverpool Industrial School for Girls in St Domingo Vale, Everton; Kirkdale Industrial School, which was opened in 1845 by the Liverpool Select Vestry as a school for the Liverpool Workhouse, St George''s Catholic Industrial School for Boys West Derby, St Elizabeth . The 80 matchbox makers turned out about 560 gross a month. Unusually for a certified Industrial School the children under detention were, for a number of years, boarded out with local householders, sometimes in groups of three or four. Great care seems to be taken that the benefits of the institution should be extended only to the class whose want and wretchedness point them out as the fitting objects of its care. I am unable to report that this school is in a satisfactory state. A walk round the Ragged School. The official capacity of the School (now usually known as Kirkdale rather than St Mary's, to avoid confusion with the Walton Street establishment) was set at 584 places. The workhouse will nominally accommodate 3,600 inmates. to 2s. In November, 1875, following the 'sudden withdrawal' of Mr Grant, Mr Alfred King, previously schoolmaster at the Bleasdale Reformatory, was made superintendent, with his sister Emily as matron. There are male and female wards, for medical cases, surgical cases, and for cases of Association Minute Books, 12 vols., 1863-1870, 1885-1946. Drawing was taught throughout, and results from a Science and Art examination were 'excellent'. In addition to their daily ablutions, each child has the benefit of a bath once every week. Frequent entertainments were given on winter evenings by friends of the school. On their return from the yard, the general body re-occupy the room in which their meals are eaten, the tables in which, by a simple contrivance which economizes both machinery and space, are instantly formed into desks, and the usual induction into the mysteries of reading, writing, and accounts, is at once proceeded with. Public urged to continue to access care if they need it despite planned industrial action. Miss C. Levers took charge on May 5th, 1909. The governor procured a paid doorkeeper, separated the sexes as completely as the nature of the building would permit, except in cases of married people, who had small apartments allotted to them ; he also exacted from each person able to work, a reasonable portion of labour daily, for which purpose dry picking of oakum was introduced : this is a tedious and irksome process of manual labour, by which junk, old shipping-ropes cut into pieces a few inches long, is untwisted, the yarns separated and reduced to shreds by the hand and fingers, and by rubbing against the apron worn by the picker : there is nothing unwholesome or straining in this employment, but it is tiresome, and various attempts were made to evade it : one mode tried was by boiling the junk in water, after which it is easily pulled into shreds, but the ropes lose their efficacy to resist water, and consequently the oakum is unfit for caulking, its destined use. A new school opened in Boundary St, corner with Hawkshaw St in 1860. Liverpool Olive Mount main house from the south, 2009. Its situation commanded an extensive view over chimney pots There was also an evening club with periodicals and indoor games for the benefit of the voluntary boys. Walsh Cheshire. University of Liverpool Management School A globally connected Management School advancing influential knowledge leadership through our transformative research and teaching to better business and society. On certain days in the week, bathing is added to the ordinary ablutions, two large baths, capable of accommodating three or four at a time, being erected in the basement for this purpose. The monitorial system is that necessarily pursued in the tuition of the boys, and, so far as our observation went, it was accompanied by as satisfactory results as is usual in similar cases, or as the inherent defects of that system would warrant us in expecting. She was replaced by Mrs Deeks who in turned was succeeded by Miss P. Carver on April 1st, 1903. Liverpool CCG News NHS industrial action (January 2023) Posted on January 10th, 2023. The PhD in Industrial Design is a strategic research collaboration between Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University and the University of Liverpool. One of the old women was observed making shrouds; a hardly desirable occupation. As managed by the ladies, the school was adapted for the reception of the younger class of boys. RootsChat.com cannot be held responsible directly or indirectly for the messages or content posted by others. magistrate, Mr Rushton. From the opposite side of the corridor, in the centre, a play room is entered, 73 ft in length, by 30 ft. in width, with an additional play-shed beyond it, 75 ft by 30 ft. Based on our leading research, we offer taught degree programmes across a spectrum of Engineering disciplines. In 1868, the boys were also making and printing paper bags, and the younger children occupied in oakum picking, gum-sorting, and net-making. This school seems to have had a brief life - from 1916 when it opened for 1916. Edenkoben (German pronunciation: [ednkobm]) is a municipality in the Sdliche Weinstrae district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.It lies approximately halfway between Landau and Neustadt an der Weinstrae.Edenkoben is one of the towns situated along the German Wine Route.Edenkoben is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Edenkoben. Most of the buildings were demolished in 1992-3 but the main house, superintendent's house, and remains of the entrance lodge survive as part of the North Mersey Community NHS Trust Headquarters on Old Mill Lane. In 1863 removed to West Derby Road, the former West Derby Fever Hospital that had been modified . It continued in use until July 15th, 1922. Certified 30th December 1861 for 275 boys, girls unknown. The girls were taught needlework. Not surprisingly, this arrangement led to a high absconding rate. Industrial work for the boys now included making the boots and shoes for the establishment, and making and repaired most of their own clothing. The industrial training provided for the boys now included shoemaking, paper-bag making, printing, and wood-cutting. The Blackfield Terrace area was one hill, whilst the second hill can be found in the area formerly occupied by the Liverpool Industrial School. On August 18th, 1860, the Earl of Derby laid the foundation stone for a new building for the institution, on a site at 2 Major Street, Kirkdale, which had been donated by Mr John Shaw Leigh. St Georges Boys Roman Catholic Industrial School - at 137a West Derby Rd. As in many parts of northern England, Liverpool resisted the implementation of the 1834 Act, but Liverpool Poor Law Parish finally came into being on 25th March, 1841, under a 25-strong Board of Guardians. Liverpool Institute and School of Art . Peter Higginbotham, Liverpool Olive Mount superintendent's house from the south, 2009. An industrial ragged school. Originally called Grafton Street Ragged Schools. Aigburth CE School. Contents may not be reproduced without permission. None identfied at present any information welcome. Liverpool pioneered the use of trained nurses in workhouses through an experiment in 1865 funded by local philanthropist William Rathbone. By 1900, Mitford House, Mitford Street, off Netherfield Road, was being used to house aged women. With the view of promoting ventilation there are iron gratings on each side of the entire length of the two upper corridors, by which a constant current of air is kept up from the ground floor, whilst for the entire ventilation and warming of the building throughout apparatus and machinery have been fitted up in the basement, under the immediate superintendence of Mr. Watson of Halifax. We glanced round the several apartments, the doors of which stood ajar; the windows were open, giving evidence of attention to ventilation; and the forms, desks, and other furniture, betokened the utmost order and cleanliness On passing through to the yard, we discovered some sixty juvenile tatterdemalians, undergoing a drill by the teacher, assisted by one of the boys from the Kirkdale Industrial School. Liverpool Institute and School of Art . In 1769-1772 a House of Industry was built at Brownlow Hill and the 1777 Parliamentary report refers to Liverpool Borough offering up to 600 people accomodation and it is known that out-relief was offered by several parishes. The girls were instructed in sewing, some also helping in the house and kitchen work. Certified 5th January 1878 for 100 girls. An extra classroom was much needed. Mr and Mrs Orris continued in charge at the new location. The Soho Street Industrial Ragged School was opened on March 1st, 1849, at 68 Soho Street, Liverpool. A stream ran between the two hills, from the suburb of Walton to the place where Canada Dock now sits. A medical centre now stands on the site. Addison St Industrial. Miss A. Lee became superintendent on March 17th, 1908, and left March 30th, 1909. 1849. A private house with additional wings and a front garden. Heswall Sanatorium later became the Cleaver Sanatorium, subsequently renamed Cleaver Hospital. and two inmates who acted as stokers. The playroom was of a fair size and had a number of boxes for the girl' 'treasures'. At this date, there were 295 boys on the register, and 378 girls. In 1864, the School moved to new purpose-built premises not far away at 19 Everton Terrace (numbered 33 by 1892). Liverpool Olive Mount girls performing a playground stick drill, c.1906. From Liverpool Record Office Catalogue 1 353 SEL/22 Kirkdale Industrial School Admission and Discharge Registers 1862-1865 2 353 SEL/22/1 Kirkdale Industrial School Admission and Discharge Register 29 Dec 1862 - 10 Jun 1865 You will need to contact Liverpool record Office to find which site the records are at and then visit to see them. In February 1843, following claims that lax supervision at workhouse had resulted in it becoming the largest brothel in England, the Peter Higginbotham. It also continued to receive a large number of children attending voluntarily. The most infirm live on the ground floor; others are distributed through the upper storeys. The schools are listed in alphabetic order. Reformatory [Fund] Committee Minute Books, 1 vol., 1856-1860. The LRO holds plans dated 1865. Weekly bill of fare: Breakfast, every dayOatmeal, hasty pudding, known as burgo, and milk. The small laundry employed several girls and took in some washing from private households. It was believed Quick facts about Liverpool during the Industrial Revolution 1700 - Liverpool's population was 5,700 people 1715 - World's first wet dock built (allowing ships to come off the river and be loaded and unloaded) 1757 - Sankey Canal becomes Britain's first-ever canal. Liverpool Industrial School for Girls. To facilitate this, an apartment is fitted up with small wooden troughs, having pipes and taps, where an ad libitum supply of the purifying element can be constantly obtained. Mericks Whitehaven. There were also premises at 52 St Domingo Vale where the Auxiliary Home may have been situated. Browse Technical And Industrial Schools in Liverpool featuring photos, videos, special offers and testimonials to help you choose the right local Technical And Industrial Schools for you. as sixty inmates, were so full of beds as to make it impossible to provide chairs or to walk, Not since. The [North End Sailors'] Home seemed to us defective The Rev Henry Postance was appointed to the Parish of Holy Trinity, Toxteth Park, in February 1856. The school was founded 1854 or 1858 by Belgian nuns at Everton Flags, Everton Terrace, Liverpool, at first it was mixed school. All rights reserved. There were 39 boys attending a manual instruction centre, and a brass band of 16 performers. Despite a small allowance from the Cricketers' Friendly Society, and the help of friends, Jackson had spent his declining years without a permanent address and on the brink of the workhouse, whose doors he finally entered. This, together with a curtailment of out-relief in favour of offering the workhouse, had resulted in the local poor rate in Liverpool for 1832-3 being only 4s. are consumed every day, and about 434 gallons of sweet milk (at 8 lbs. All the children now slept under same roof. Built in 1716-17 as a charity school, Bluecoat Chambers in School Lane is the oldest surviving building in central Liverpool. Of this number, 639 were males and 1022 females, the average number in the house throughout the year was 1648, being about 1 per cent of the population of the town. We found this particularly interesting because it suggests that an institution's responsibility for the provision of food didn't mean just that food had to be bought in, but often that it actually had to be grown by the institution itself. Addison Street Day Industrial School Liverpool, Lancashire. DinnerMonday, FridayMilk pottage and bread ; Tuesday, Thursday, SaturdayLobscouse, i.e. None identfied at present any information welcome. St Domingo Rd, Everton. The number under detention at this date comprised 10 boys and 3 girls. March 19, 1889 (Liverpool Mercury: March 10, 1889) X William Barclay, lawn tennis nets, Liverpool Certified Industrial School, 33 Everton Terrace, Governor The institution was sometimes known as St Mary's School, after the parish in which it was located. Liverpool workhouse, Brownlow Hill, from the west c.1931. None identfied at present any information welcome. Satirist published statements made at a recent meeting into the matter by a stipendiary The site was subsequently used for a period as a hospital. Continue reading. Cane. An annual concert was given by the children. The printer's room, which was in need of better equipment, made and printed 33,390 paper bags, and printed 8,000 circulars. The printers now had three machines and a fair quantity of type. only been open a short time, and this may probably be remedied. Liverool Workhouse plan, c.1864. [Staff] By 1872, the Select Vestry had established an isntitution at Dingle Mount for the treatment of female imbeciles, epileptics and lunatics. The Hessleberg family 1860s. The School closed in November 1907, and the children transferred to the new premises at Walton Road. The house is well situated on a rising ground in a detached situation, and is in many respects constructed upon an eligible plan. Knitting, sewing, rough washing, kitchen and scullery work, and general house cleaning kept the rest that could work employed. LIVERPOOL INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, (BRANCH HOME) 39 Northumberland Terrace, Everton, Liverpool. Two major buildings nearby are Kirkdale Gaol, and the Liverpool Industrial School. Jan 5 Merseyside Mirth Makers - Keith Carter Duke St? offers from outside to brighten the Sunday service, but they have been refused by the a week for each. A system of marks was introduced where rewards and privileges could be earned by good conduct. age. McKay Liverpool. Match-box making was carried on by the juniors, and paper-box making by the girls. Although the experiment had mixed results the pauper assistants needed constant supervision and obtained intoxicants at the slightest opportunity it was generally perceived overall to have been a success, in large part due to the efforts of the infirmary superintendent, Agnes Jones. The industrial training consisted of tailoring, shoemaking, coffee picking, garden-net making, and printing for the boys, and knitting and needlework for the girls. An early official inspection of the School noted that 'the manner of the schoolmistress seemed to me the only thing wanting improvement; she needs more of the matron's quiet kindliness to be fully fitted for her post.'. The other expenses of rent, salaries, &c., we are not in a position to speak to, but assuming that, being added, they trebled the amount, the sum would still be wonderfully small compared with of the benefits it purchased. The school books in use are those published by the Dublin Board for the Irish National Schools, which are, in our estimation, the best adapted, upon the whole, for the purpose of such schools. On November 19th, 1861, the establishment became a certified Industrial School, allowing it to receive children committed by magistrates to a period of detention. of ale and beer at 1d. The parish contains 2,102 acres and in 1773 the population was 34,407 ; in 1790, 55,732, of whom 6,780 lived in cellars and 1,220 in the workhouse. Kirkdale, too, was visited by Poor Law Inspector Mr R.B. The new premises are calculated to accommodate 700 children, which, the capacity of the existing building, will contain shelter and education for an aggregate number of about 1,900. Closed in 1920. to the gallon) every week. Upon successful completion of your programme, you will receive a degree from the University of Liverpool, which is recognised by the UK Department of Education as well as China's Ministry of Education. These were assisted by eighteen probationers and fifty-four able-bodied female inmates who received a small salary. The Liverpool Industrial Schools, at Kirkdale Antique wood engraved print, 1850 Caption below picture: 'The Liverpool Industrial Schools, at Kirkdale' DATE PRINTED: 1850 IMAGE SIZE: Approx 15.0 x 23.5 Lord Stanley on January 7th, 1862. PeterHigginbotham.
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